TOUCH CUE
Most decide by "the touch," that is,
the feel . . . . --Andrew Ure
Touch is
infrequent and usually consists of a slight tap on a woman's shoulder. Or he may
run his arm around the waist of a woman visitor. Men are never touched by [TV
talk-show host, Phil] Donahue. --Walburga von Raffler-Engel
(1984:16).
Tactile signal.
1. Incoming: A sign
received through physical contact with a body part (e.g., a hand
or lip), causing it to feel (see HOMUNCULUS). 2. Outgoing: A
sign of physical contact (e.g., of pressure, temperature, or
vibration) delivered to a body part (see, e.g., KISS).
Usage I: Touch cues are powerfully real to human beings. If "seeing is believing," touching is knowing-- i.e., knowing "for sure." Touch cues are used worldwide to show emotion in settings of childcare, comforting, and courtship, and to establish personal rapport.
Usage II: Self-touching is often seen in anxious or tense settings, as a form of self-consolation by means of self-stimulation (see below, Usage IV).
Usage III: "Soft" touch--which is found in
hairless (or glabrous) areas of our skin--is partly responsible for itching,
tickling, and sexual sensations (Diamond et al.1985:4-6). Protopathic touch is
ancient, but gives little information about the size, shape, texture, or
location of a tactile stimulus.
Usage IV: "Itch" sensations may
trigger the spinal cord's rhythmic, oscillating scratch reflex. Scratching
stimulates pain receptors (or nociceptors) which drown out (i.e., block) the
itchy feeling. Primates often scratch themselves in anxious social settings and
when intimidated by dominant rivals.
Usage V: "Tickle" is a tingling sensation, considered both pleasant
and unpleasant, which often results in laughter, smiling, and involuntary twitching movements
of the head, limbs, and torso.
A personal reflection. I've never understood why touch cues are referred to by nonverbal specialists as "haptics." Haptic is "[O]f or relating to the sense of touch; tactile" (Soukhanov 1992, p. 822). It comes from the Greek word haptikos, to touch. But why use a relatively unfamiliar Greek word instead of the more common English term, "touch"? Academic folk often use foreign terminology to embellish the importance of their own thinking. As my friend and colleague, linguist Carol M. Eastman used to say, "Eschew obfuscation!"
Anatomy. The outer covering of skin is our
body's largest "part." Skin makes up about 15% of the body's weight (ca. 23
lbs.), and occupies some 21 square feet of surface area (Wallace et
al.1983:254). Pain and protopathic touch cues are received via free nerve
endings in the skin and hair follicles. More specialized nerve endings have
evolved for finer touch and temperature discrimination.
Mechanoreceptors (including Pacinian corpuscles, Merkel's
disks, and Meissner's corpuscles) sense pressure, stretching, and
indenting of the skin. Thermoreceptors (Krause end bulbs for
cold and organs of Ruffini for heat) are sensitive to changes in
temperature.
Culture. 1. According Edward Hall (1966), "contact cultures" (e.g.,
France, Latin America, and Saudi Arabia) use
a greater frequency of aroma and touch cues than do "noncontact cultures" (e.g.,
Germany and North America), which use more visual cues. 2. The buttock
pat, used in American football as a sign of encouragement, has spread to
European sports (Morris 1994:14). 3. In Germany, Austria, Eastern Europe,
and the Middle East, the buttock slap--in which the right buttock pushes
out as if or to be slapped with one's own right hand--is given as a sign of
insult (Morris 1994:14).
Evolution. The most primitive,
specialized tactile-sense organ in vertebrates is the neuromast, a
fluid-filled pit in the skin of today's fishes, which picks up vibrations, heat,
electrical, and (perhaps) chemical signals in the surrounding water. Each
neuromast contains a hair cell, which, when moved by water currents
generated by a nearby fish, e.g., stimulates a sensory nerve. Through the
neuromast, the current becomes a nonverbal sign of another fish's
presence.
Handshake. Grasping another's hand
with a power
grip is a widespread means of expressing congratulations, contractual agreement, farewell, and greeting. The
handshake is European in origin (Morris 1994), although many cultures touch
hands and other body parts with the hand(s) to greet family members and fellow
tribesmen. These socio-emotional touch cues developed from tactile signs
originally used in mammalian grooming and childcare. 1. "We do know
that the full Hand Shake occurred as early as the 16th century
because in Shakespeare's As You Like It there is the
phrase: 'they shook hands and swore brothers'" (Morris 1994:125). 2. In
the politician's handshake, two hands reach out to clasp and surround
another's hand, like a glove, to intensify the emotions aroused by physical
closeness and "friendship." According to Morris (1994:126), the glove handshake
is widespread in "diplomatic, political and business circles." 3. A study
reported in the July 2000 Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
found that women ". . . who introduce themselves with an assertive gesture by
way of a firm handshake were perceived as being intellectual and open to new
experiences" (Lipsitz 2000:32).
Maternal care. Adult female rats
who receive frequent touch cues (e.g., licking, nuzzling, and grooming) as pups
show heightened sensitivity to the hormone estrogen, and touch their own
offspring more than do rats who were touched infrequently as pups. "This
physiological effect of grooming suggests that a change in the female pup's
brain governs the animal's own mothering styles," according to research by
neuroscientists at McGill University in Montreal (published in the October 23,
2001 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences; Bower
2001:280).
Primates. "A troop of [at least 100] furious monkeys in
India's northeastern state of Assam brought traffic to a standstill after a baby
monkey was hit by a car on a busy street. . . . . The angry monkeys kept traffic
at bay for more than a half hour as they tried to care for the infant. A local
shopkeeper said: 'It was very emotional . . . some of them massaged its [broken]
legs'" (Newman 2000:C14).
Space. When Apollo 11's pilot, Michael Collins, flew above the Moon,
he felt he could "almost reach out and touch it"
(Collins1988:5).
Sports. Many baseball players go through touch
rituals before they come to bat. "Nomar Garciaparra, the shortstop for the
Boston Red Sox, has a routine with his batting gloves [i.e., he compulsively
adjusts and re-adjusts them] that would rival the machinations during the
changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace" (Wilkens 1998:E-3).
RESEARCH REPORTS: In a review of studies of people
touching one another, Vrugt and Kerkstra (1984) concluded that a.
touching of opposite-sex acquaintances, "even at an early age," is avoided (p.
14); b. young adults, "as when bowling," touch each other more in mixed
than in same-sex interactions (p. 14); c. "old" women touch more than
"old" men, seemingly due to declining sexual interests (pp. 14-15); d.
while greeting and departing, men "behave less intimately toward each other"
than women behave toward each other (p. 15 [Author's note: But hugging has
become more prevalent among U.S. men since the 1980s.]); and e. women "shrink
less from being touched by strangers than men" (p. 15).
See also AROMA CUE, COLOR CUE, EMOTION CUE, TASTE CUE.
Copyright 1998 - 2021
(David B. Givens/Center for
Nonverbal Studies)
Drawing of "Showing My Nonverbal Side" by my son Aaron Huffman (copyright by Aaron M. Huffman)