ZYGOMATIC
SMILE
The smile is probably the most powerful expression we have in our repertoire of facial gestures. --Momoyo Torimitsu (Japanese artist; Givens 2010:21)
She gave me one of those smiles the lips have forgotten before they reach the eyes. --Philip Marlowe, describing client's daughter, Vivian Regan (The Big Sleep, 1939:60)
Facial
expression. 1. A true smile of happiness, gladness, or joy. 2. An
expression in which the corners of the mouth curve upward, and the
outer corners of the eyes crinkle into crow's-feet.
Usage: Though we may show a polite grin or camera smile at will, the
zygomatic or heartfelt smile is hard to produce on demand. While the former cue
may be consciously manipulated (and is subject to deception), the latter is controlled by emotion. Thus,
the zygomatic smile is a more accurate reflection of
mood.
Anatomy. Lip corners curl upward through contraction of
zygomaticus muscles; crow's-feet show when the zygomaticus muscles are
strongly contracted, and/or when orbicularis oculi muscles contract. In
the polite (i.e., intentional, weak, or "false") smile, lip corners stretch
sideward through contraction of risorius muscles, with little upward
curl and no visible crow's-feet.
Origin I. In the last half of the 20th Century, it was received wisdom that the human smile derived from the primate fear grin. In the latter expression, the lip corners pull sideward and upward in fearful settings to reveal the teeth. In chimpanzees, e.g., the theory was that by grimacing with a fear grin, a chimp would show appeasement, harmlessness and a mood of "friendly" intent. The submissive grin, used to show "I am afraid," came to suggest that "I am harmless--and therefore friendly--as well" (Morris 1994, p. 166). The link between smiling and humor, love, and joy was not explained.
Origin II. In the early 21st Century, an alternative view of smiling's evolution emerged. Instead of the fear grin, the primate play face is now thought to underlie human smiling. In contexts of "rough and tumble" play, e.g., chimpanzees grin, emit laugh-like vocalizations and use hand-arm reaching, grasping and tickling gestures.
The combination of laryngeal vocalizations and pectoral-limb gestures is central to the play-face-origin hypothesis. In chordates, circuits for vocal-laryngeal and pectoral-movement communication link in a caudal hindbrain, rh8-upper-spinal-cord compartment (Bass and Chagnaud 2013). This neurological linkage explains why hand gestures and vocalizations are intimately coupled in primate play.
Vocalization cues and grooming gestures are controlled by the cingulate gyrus--the evolutionary new wing of the mammalian brain. The cingulate gyrus is the most recent part of the primate limbic system, and is responsible for grooming, maternal caring, play and audiovocal signals (Hooper 1986, p. 48). Through an evolutionary process of ritualization, the play-face grin itself (apart from vocalizations and gestures) became a stand-alone sign of friendly intentions. (The link between smiling and humor, love, and joy is still not explained.)
Feedback smile. Smiling itself produces a weak feeling of happiness. The facial
feedback hypothesis proposes that ". . . involuntary facial movements provide sufficient peripheral information to drive emotional experience" (Bernstein et al. 2000). According to Davis and Palladino (2000), ". . . feedback from facial expression [e.g., smiling or frowning] affects emotional expression and behavior." In one study, e.g., participants were instructed to hold a pencil in their mouths, either between their lips or between their teeth. The latter, who were able to smile, rated cartoons funnier than did the former, who could not smile (Davis and Palladino 2000).
Malicious smile. People with antisocial personality disorders may smile while inflicting or thinking about inflicting harm on others. In popular culture, perhaps the strongest example of a malicious smile is that of actor Jack Nicholson in his role as "Jack Torrance" in the 1980 film, The Shining. Possessed by ghosts, Jack pushed his face--baring the evil smile--through a smashed bathroom door and said, "Here's Johnny!" Nicholson's dramatically evil smile reveals a blend of emotions, including disgust (curled upper lip), anger (bared lower teeth, as in readiness to bite; lowered eyebrows), and perverse joy (strongly contracted zygomaticus muscles). In real life, malicious smiles are less dramatic in appearance than Jack's, but may be just as telling of evil thoughts, intentions, or feelings. (In my entry for LAUGH ["See also," below], I include open-mouth smile as a component of laughter. The latter, too, may have a malevolent side: "In mean-spirited form, laughter (esp. group laughter) may be directed at enemies and persons with whom we disagree or dislike, as a form of aggression-out. This mocking-aggressive laughter resembles the group-mobbing vocalizations of higher primates.")
Media. 1. "So, there's the 1984 study that
found that ABC News anchor Peter Jennings was more likely to smile on camera
when talking about Ronald Reagan than Walter Mondale, and that in the same year
the people who watched ABC News voted for Reagan in greater proportions than the
people who watched other network-news shows" (Lacayo 2000:90). 2. "Who
has the most coveted smile in Hollywood? 'Twenty years ago, everyone wanted a
smile like Farrah Fawcett's,' says Dr. Irving Smigel, a New York dentist who
created the Supersmile product line . . . and has worked on Calvin Klein and
Johnny Depp. 'Now most of my patients mention Julia Roberts. Her mouth is very
feminine'" (Comita 2000:80).
Mona Lisa smile. That Mona Lisa's smile seems both "alive" and "elusive," according to Harvard visual Physiologist, Margaret Livingstone, is due to the way our brain's visual system perceives it. Viewed directly, neurons for sharp vision see less of a smile than when viewed indirectly (as when we focus on her eyes) by peripheral-vision neurons, which are more responsive to blurry details. Da Vinci intentionally blurred Mona Lisa's lips through the Italian sfumato (or "smoky") brush-stroke technique. When we look directly at her lips, after having looked at her eyes, the smile seems to disappear. That it seems to reappear when looked at again from her eyes gives the smile its apparent movement and seeming animation. (Source: http://neuro.med.harvard.edu/faculty/livingstone.html [accessed January 7, 2013]).
Supermarket mandatory smile. In the
late 1990s, Safeway, the second largest supermarket chain in the U.S.,
instructed its store employees to smile and greet customers with direct eye
contact. In 1998, USA Today ("Safeway's Mandatory Smiles Pose Danger,
Workers Say") reported that 12 female employees had filed grievances over the
chain's smile-and-eye-contact policy, after numerous male customers reportedly
had propositioned them for dates. Commenting on the grievances, a Safeway
official stated, "We don't see it [the males' sexual overtures] as a direct
result of our initiative."
Salesmanship. "You don't have to smile
constantly to show you are enjoying yourself. Smile at the peaks" (Delmar
1984:41).
Smiley face. The yellow "smiley face," a popular graphic
symbol designed by commercial artist Harvey Ball in the early 1960s, has become
a universal sign of happiness. Its color is associated with the brightness of
the sun (see COLOR CUE). According to his son, Charlie Ball, Harvey
". . . understood the power of it (the smiley face) and was enormously proud of
it [even though others, rather than Ball, profited financially from the design].
He left this world with no apologies and no regrets, happy to have this as his
legacy" (Woo 2001:A6). Designed to enhance the Worcester, Mass.-based State
Mutual Life Assurance company's "friendship campaign," to bolster employee
morale, the smiley face took Ball about 10 minutes to complete (Woo 2001).
"Fearing that a grumpy employee would turn the smile upside down into a frown,
he [Ball] added the eyes" (Woo 2001:A6; see ISOTYPE).
RESEARCH REPORTS: 1. Regarding the
fake smile, "Dr [Guillaume-Benjamin] Duchenne [de Boulogne] attributes the
falseness of the expression altogether to the orbicular muscles of the lower
eyelids not being sufficiently contracted" (Darwin 1872:202).
2. The smiling play-face is seen "when a child is
about to be chased by another and stands slightly crouched, side-on to the
chaser and looking at it with this 'mischievous' expression, an open-mouthed
smile with the teeth covered, which morphologically resembles the 'play-face' of
Macaca and Pan" (Blurton Jones 1967:358). 3.
"But one sometimes feels that human smiles are also partly 'fear' motivated"
(Blurton Jones 1967:364). 4. "The comparative data show that
there is a similarity in form between the smiling response and the silent
bared-teeth face" (Van Hooff 1967:60). 5. Brannigan and Humphries (1969)
identified the "simple smile," the "broad smile," and the "upper smile" (the
latter two are zygomatic smiles). 6. "Exogenous" smiling, not
present at birth, begins at about three weeks as an unpredictable, fleeting
response to audio, visual, or tactile stimuli; "social" smiling (e.g., to faces)
becomes predictable by 8-to-12 weeks (Spitz, Emde and Metcalf 1973). 7.
By the age of four, boys ". . . are reserving the 'sociable' upper smile [in
which the lips are parted to reveal the top teeth] for other boys almost
exclusively. The girls, while not using the upper smile as exclusively as do the
boys, appear, by age 4, to use this smile rarely with boys" (Cheyne 1976:823).
8. "The data indicated that the infants looked at the joy expression
significantly more than at either the anger or neutral expressions" (LaBarbera
et al. 1976:535). 9. "My research suggests that with enjoyment
the zygomaticus major muscle is the principal muscle in the lower face,
and may be the only active muscle in the lower face" (Ekman 1998:201).
10. ". . . five-month-old infants show the eye-muscle smile
when the mother approaches, but a smile without the eye muscle when approached
by a stranger" (Ekman 1998:203).
E-Commentary: "I am a
journalist who was referred to you by the American Anthropological Association,
for a story I am working on for the Boston
Globe Sunday magazine about the anthropological origins
of the smile, its evolution over time, and ways that we use it today. In
addition to that general theme, I am exploring the degree to which regional
differences and cultural influences may affect the frequency with which we
smile. For example, Bostonians are stereotypically known as non-smilers, while
Southern Californians are often pictured to be as sunny as their weather."
--M.F. (6/13/00 11:58:09 AM Pacific Daylight Time)
Neuro-notes I. The zygomatic smile is controlled ". . . from the anterior
cingulate region, from other limbic cortices (in the medial temporal
lobe), and from the basal ganglia" (Damasio 1994:140-41). "We cannot mimic
easily what the anterior cingulate can achieve effortlessly" (Damasio
1994:141-42).
Neuro-notes II. Mirror neurons: Mirror neurons play a role in decoding the smile: "Baby smiles, the parent smiles in response. Two minutes later, baby smiles again, the parent smiles again. Thanks to the imitative behavior of the parent, the baby's brain can associate the motor plan necessary to smile and the sight of the smiling face. Therefore--presto! Mirror neurons for a smiling face are born" (Iacoboni 2008:133-34). "When I see you smiling, my mirror neurons for smiling fire up, too, initiating a cascade of neural activity that evokes the feeling we typically associate with a smile. I don't need to make any inference on what you are feeling, I experience immediately and effortlessly (in a milder form, of course) what you are experiencing ["The Mirror Neuron Revolution: Explaining What Makes Humans Social," July 1, 2008 interview with Jonah Lehrer in Scientific American]."
See also AUTISM (E-Commentary I &
II), FACIAL
EXPRESSION, LAUGH, LIPS.
Read the Boston Globe Magazine
feature, "Grin and Bare it."
WAN SMILE
Grim grin. A feeble smirk modified by facial and bodily signs of regret or unhappiness (see SADNESS).
Usage. A wan smile may be used to show that one is hoping to rise above a misfortune, reversal or setback. "Manage a wan smile" is a frequently used phrase in English literature, as in the 2010 historical novel, The Scarlet Contessa: "Despite the horror of the preceding day, I managed a wan grin" (Kalogridis 2019).
Verbal. English "wan" (suggestive of paleness, weariness or unhappiness) derives from Old English "wann" (dark, gloomy; Soukhanov 1992, p. 2011). Many spoken languages have phrases pointing to weak smiles, as in Spanish "sonreir con poco entusmiasmo," "to smile with little enthusiasm."
Laconic smile. A wan smile may also be laconic, as in brief, short-lived or terse (see CHRONEMICS). Some wan grins may be wry as well, i.e., annoyed, displeased or disgusted (see DISGUST).
See also ZYGOMATIC SMILE.
References:
Kalogridis, Jeanne (2019). The Scarlett Contessa: A Novel of the Italian Renaissance (New York: St. Martin’s Press), p. 293.
Soukhanov, Anne H., Ed. (1992). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co.).
YouTube Video: View 60 seconds of a man's "on-purpose" smile. (Mute the sound to avoid a distracting commercial message.)
Copyright 1998 - 2021 (David B.
Givens/Center for Nonverbal Studies)
Photo of "Smile, Surfacing" (Fiesta Mexicana, Spokane, Washington, USA) by Doreen K. Givens (copyright 2007)